Cardiovascular Fluid Mechanics
Invited Lecturers
- Antonio Barsotti (Università di Genova, Genova, Italy)
(5 lectures)
1. The Cardiovascular System: Structural Organization and Properties.
2. The Cardiac Cycle: from Molecular Basis to Clinical Implications.
3. Heart as a Pump: Determinants of Cardiac Function.
4. Cardiovascular Function in Disease States.
5. Relation Between Geometry and Function in Normal and Failing Myocardium- Frank Lloyd Dini
- Timothy J. Pedley (University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Great Britain)
(6 lectures)
1. The cardiovascular system: physiology, geometry, atherosclerosis, the role of fluid dynamics.
2. Pulse wave propagation: observations, simple model predicting, wave speed, effect of reflections, viscosity, non-linearity.
3. Flow patterns in complex internal geometry: wall shear stress and separation. Flow in curved tubes.
4. Steady and unsteady flow in indented, two-dimensional channels: interactive boundary layer theory.
5. Flow in collapsible tubes: physiological and laboratory data. Self-excited oscillations. Zero- and one-dimensional models. The giraffe jugular vein.
6. Flow in a two-dimensional collapsible channel: computations and high-Reynolds-number asymptotic theory.- Gianni Pedrizzetti (Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy)
1. Law governing the wall dynamics in the infinitesimal and the finite displacement (linear-nonlinear) regimes. Formulation and example of the coupled fluid-wall dynamics in an axisymmetric situation.
2. Boundary-layer separation and vorticity dynamics. Simplified approaches to the interaction between the flow and large arteries. Applications and physical differences with the rigid case.
3. Simplified modelling of three-dimensional flows. Modelling of the left ventricle.
4. Left ventricle fluid dynamics: clinical aspects, wall-flow dynamics in the reference, healthy, conditions.
5. Left ventricle fluid dynamics: Pathological conditions, clinical comparisons, mitral valve dynamics.- Karl Perktold (Technical University of Graz, Graz, Austria)
(6 lectures)
1. Mathematical modelling of local blood flow in arteries; Newtonian, non-Newtonian inelastic, viscoelastic constitutive relations.
2. Navier-Stokes equations and finite element methods.
3. Transport processes in arteries; convection-diffusion of dissolved gases and macromolecules.
4. Mass transport in the artery wall layers.
5. Computer simulation of flow and mass transport processes in artery bifurcation models; numerical results.
6. Computer simulation of fluid and wall mechanics in peripheral bypass anastomoses; numerical results.- Robert S. Reneman (Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands)
(5 lectures)
1. Artery wall properties and intima-media thickness (IMT) change with age and disease. Non-invasive ultrasound techniques developed to assess strain, distensibility and compliance and IMT.
2. Velocity and wall shear rate/stress distribution in arteries obtained by non-invasive ultrasound. Relation with artery wall function and structure and role in the genesis of atherosclerosis.
3. In hypertension and with aging elastic arteries become stiffer (loss of distensibility and compliance). The degree of stiffening varies along artery bifurcations and differs in elastic and muscular arteries.
4. In contrast to theoretical predictions wall shear stress varies along the arterial tree and in artery bifurcations. These variations give differences in intima-media thickness and sites of preference for atherosclerosis.
5. Alterations in structure and composition of the arterial wall responsible for the loss of distensibility and compliance and the increase in intima-media thickness (IMT) in disease and aging. Reasons and effects.- Sokrates Tsangaris (Nat. Techn. University Athens, Zografu - Athens, Greece)
(5 lectures)
1. Basic equations for cardiovascular fluid mechanics. Numerical methods: finite differences, finite volumes. Steady and unsteady techniques. Basic examples of cardiovascular applications.
2. The one-dimensional, unsteady model of the pulse-wave propagation in the cardiovascular system. Hyperbolic systems of conservation laws and examples.
3. Bio-fluid problems in presence of moving and deformable boundaries. Mesh motion techniques in relation to space conservation laws. Applications to artery flows.
4. Numerical solution of problems in microcirculation. Introduction of the ‘level set’ method for the numerical solution of the flow problem with two immiscible fluids (plasma and haemoglobin).
5. Examples of blood flow in capillaries and small arteries. Deformation and flow of red blood cells flowing interactively with plasma. Influence of cell membrane and rheological properties. Fahraeus ? Lindqvist effect.